Nanobiosensors in Veterinary Medicine: A Systematic Review of Emerging Applications and Future Prospects for Disease Diagnosis

Abstract

Background/Objective- Veterinary medicine is on the verge of a fundamental transformation with the integration of nanotechnology and biosensors. Nanobiosensors, as diagnostic tools with unparalleled sensitivity and specificity, have great potential to change the conventional paradigms in disease diagnosis, animal health monitoring, and food chain safety assurance. This systematic review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental principles, a wide range of emerging applications, and future prospects of nanobiosensors in the veterinary field.

Method- This study was conducted as a systematic review by searching reputable scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The keywords used were “veterinary nanobiosensor”, “animal disease diagnosis”, “nanoparticle sensors”, “animal health monitoring”, and “foodborne pathogen detection”. Articles published between January 2015 and December 2024 were screened and evaluated based on predefined criteria, including direct relevance to the application of nanobiosensors in veterinary medicine, technological innovation, and scientific validity.

Results- Nanobiosensors based on nanoparticles (gold, silver, and magnetic), carbon nanotubes, and graphene, with optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric detection mechanisms, have achieved detection levels at very low (femtomolar) concentrations. An important advantage of nanobiosensors is their ability to detect critical veterinary pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites, with accuracy equal to or higher than traditional methods (e.g., ELISA and PCR), but in a significantly shorter time and without the need for complex equipment.

Conclusion- Nanobiosensors, as a leading technology, hold promise for accurate, rapid, and cost-effective veterinary medicine. However, significant challenges such as standardizing production, assessing nanomaterial toxicity, and ensuring cost-effectiveness for on-farm use require serious attention. Overcoming these challenges and investing in interdisciplinary research will pave the way for the widespread commercialization of this promising technology, revolutionizing animal health, public health, and food safety.