A Comprehensive Review of the Application of Carbon Dots as Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants

Authors

  • Elham Kamalkazemi Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Author
  • Nasser Arsalani Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran Author
  • Vahid Ashrafi Lighvan Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran Author
  • Kaveh Garchorlou Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran Author
  • Maryam Anvari Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiy Author
  • Effat Alizadeh Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran Author

Keywords:

Carbon dot, Vaccine carrier, Adjuvant, system

Abstract

                Developing next-generation vaccines (such as peptide, DNA, and mRNA vaccines) requires efficient delivery systems and potent immunogenic adjuvants to overcome the inherent limitations of these antigens' immunogenicity. Carbon dots (CDs) have attracted considerable attention in nanomedicine for their unique chemical structure, multiple functional groups, high stability, low toxicity, high biocompatibility and bioavailability, and cost-effective synthesis. This review article explores the dual role of carbon dots as “smart antigen carriers” and “immunogenic adjuvants.” The mechanisms of antigen loading, protection from enzymatic degradation, facilitation of uptake by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and activation of innate immune pathways (such as inflammasome activation and cytokine secretion) are discussed.

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Author Biographies

  • Elham Kamalkazemi, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

       

  • Nasser Arsalani, Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran

      

  • Vahid Ashrafi Lighvan, Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran

      

  • Kaveh Garchorlou, Research Laboratory of Polymer, Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, 29-Bahman Blvd, Tabriz, East Azerbaijan, Iran

      

  • Maryam Anvari, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir Katip Çelebi University, Izmir, Türkiy

      

  • Effat Alizadeh, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

       

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Published

2026-09-22

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 13 (2026): Conferences Proceedings 2026 No. 13

Section

Conferences

How to Cite

A Comprehensive Review of the Application of Carbon Dots as Vaccine Carriers and Adjuvants. (2026). Development Engineering Conferences Center Articles Database, 3(13). https://pubs.bcnf.ir/index.php/Articles/article/view/1772