Bacterially-Synthesized Green Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach for the Targeted Therapy of Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer remains a formidable global health challenge, with current therapeutic regimens often plagued by systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and non-specific biodistribution. The emergence of nanotechnology has revolutionized oncology, offering novel avenues for targeted drug delivery. Among these, "green" nanoparticles (NPs) synthesized using biological entities, particularly bacteria, present a sustainable, eco-friendly, and biocompatible alternative to conventional chemical and physical methods. This review meticulously examines the paradigm of bacterially-synthesized nanoparticles (BSNPs) as a next-generation platform for breast cancer therapy. We delve into the mechanisms of bacterial biosynthesis of metallic and non-metallic NPs, highlighting their unique physicochemical properties. The core of the review focuses on the multifunctional applications of BSNPs, including their intrinsic anticancer activity, role as targeted drug delivery vehicles, and utility in combination therapies and theranostics. We further explore the mechanisms underlying their selective cytotoxicity towards breast cancer cells. Despite the promising outlook, challenges pertaining to standardization, pharmacokinetics, and large-scale production are critically discussed. Finally, we provide insights into future perspectives, concluding that bacterially-synthesized green nanoparticles hold immense potential to enhance the specificity, efficacy, and safety of breast cancer treatment.